Electrical Wiring System and Method

ABSTRACT

An electrical wiring system/method implementing transient voltage suppression is disclosed. The system/method incorporates HOT, NEUTRAL, GROUND wiring in conjunction with a series drop resistor (SDR) on the HOT conductor that supplies current to the load device. Parallel shunting metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are used in conjunction with corresponding shunt diode rectifiers (SDRs) to suppress transients on the HOT conductor to either the GROUND conductor and/or NEUTRAL conductor. The parallel shunting MOV/SDR pairs may be integrated into a singular structure that is encapsulated in an insulating material to permit implementation of the transient protection wiring system/method into electrical loads and common power distribution equipment such as electrical outlets and power strips.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Parent Application

This is a Continuation Patent Application (CPA) of United States Utilitypatent application for ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM AND METHOD by inventorMark E. Goodson, filed electronically with the USPTO on Feb. 11, 2015,with Ser. No. 14/619,619, EFS ID 21468808, confirmation number 6788,docket AXITH.0101CIP1, issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______.

U.S. Utility Patent Applications

This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 and incorporates byreference United States Utility patent application for ELECTRICAL WIRINGSYSTEM AND METHOD by inventor Mark E. Goodson, filed electronically withthe USPTO on Feb. 11, 2015, with Ser. No. 14/619,619, EFS ID 21468808,confirmation number 6788, docket AXITH.0101CIP1, issued as U.S. Pat. No.______.

This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 and incorporates byreference United States Utility patent application for ELECTRICAL WIRINGSYSTEM AND METHOD by inventor Mark E. Goodson, filed electronically withthe USPTO on Feb. 11, 2015, with Ser. No. 14/619,755, EFS ID 21470782,confirmation number 1057, docket AXITH.0101CIP2, issued as U.S. Pat. No.______.

This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 and incorporates byreference United States Utility patent application for ELECTRICAL WIRINGSYSTEM by inventor Mark E. Goodson, filed electronically with the USPTOon Apr. 25, 2012, with Ser. No. 13/455,686, EFS ID 12628238,confirmation number 5731, docket AXITH.0101.

PARTIAL WAIVER OF COPYRIGHT

All of the material in this patent application is subject to copyrightprotection under the copyright laws of the United States and of othercountries. As of the first effective filing date of the presentapplication, this material is protected as unpublished material.

However, permission to copy this material is hereby granted to theextent that the copyright owner has no objection to the facsimilereproduction by anyone of the patent documentation or patent disclosure,as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patentfile or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not Applicable

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to wiring or cabling carryingelectrical power or fault current to or from appliances and electricaldevices and is particularly suited for use with appliances and devicesthat are protected by transient voltage surge suppressors.

PRIOR ART AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Modern household appliances such as, for example, audio and videoequipment, and commercial equipment have solid state circuits or othersensitive circuits that are subject to damage caused by electricaltransients. As used herein, the term appliance refers to any device thatreceives electrical power. Currently, in an effort to minimize theeffects of transient voltages, variations of a class of device known asa Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS) are used. Such devices areused in, for example, consumer and industrial electronics, automotiveelectronics, and telecom systems as well as commercially available surgeprotector strips.

The main component within a TVSS is typically a voltage clamping MetalOxide Varistor (MOV). Additionally, other types of voltage clampingdevices such as gas tubes or Zener diodes are used. An MOV has anon-linear Voltage and Current (V-I) curve that has a very highresistance when the voltage across it is small compared to its thresholdvoltage. Conversely, when the voltage across an MOV is high compared toits threshold voltage, the MOV has a low resistance and allows currentto pass through it, thus providing a shunt for transient voltages abovethe MOV's threshold voltage. In such situations, for example, an MOV canbe placed between HOT and NEUTRAL conductors, between HOT and GROUNDconductors, and/or between NEUTRAL and GROUND conductors. When the MOVthreshold voltage is exceeded, such as when a large enough transientoccurs, the nonlinear characteristics of the MOV allows a fault current,possibly in the many hundreds of amps (or more) to temporarily flow. Thevoltage drop of the wiring feeding the MOV, which temporarily carriesthis fault current, may cause the output voltage seen by the applianceor sensitive circuit to drop in turn.

For example, if an appliance that has an MOV protecting it that isplaced across the HOT line and NEUTRAL at the appliance, and a transientvoltage occurs, the flow of current may cause a voltage drop across theHOT feeder conductor to the MOV and a corresponding voltage drop acrossthe NEUTRAL conductor that handles the return current. The net effect isthat the NEUTRAL voltage at the appliance is no longer zero volts (withrespect to GROUND), and thus presents a shock hazard.

If an MOV is placed, instead, between HOT and GROUND and a transientoccurs, a similar voltage drop can occur on the GROUND return path. Inthis situation, the GROUND may float to a higher voltage. For example,on a grounded appliance, where that appliance contains or is connectedto a sensitive electronic circuit, such as, for example, a data circuit,the increase in the GROUND voltage can damage the circuit.

The current method of manufacturing cable assemblies such as type NM(nonmetallic), for example, calls for equal resistance in all conductors(HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND) or for the GROUND conductor to be of asmaller diameter (and having a higher resistance) with respect to theother conductors. For conductors made of the same material, thesedimensions will reduce in equal voltage drops on conductors that areequal in diameter, or in a greater voltage rise on the GROUND leg forthose cable assemblies with reduced diameter GROUND legs. Thus, currentcommercially available products are not well suited for use withcircuits protected by modern TVSS devices.

An additional limitation of current cabling systems is that the circuitbreaker that protects the MOV (the breaker that is part of theresidential or commercial wiring) cannot always respond rapidly if theMOV begins to fail. In situations such as these, the MOVs can overheatand may even cause a fire. For example, when a 14 AWG wire is feeding anappliance, and the MOV within the appliance starts to fail, the MOVfault current will largely be a function of the two conductors (HOT andNEUTRAL) that are part of the branch circuit wiring. Under manycircumstances, the fault current will be insufficient to cause a typicalThermal-Magnetic (TM) circuit breaker to trip.

Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of electrical shock, fire, andpotential damage to equipment where TVSS devices are used, a new type ofcabling is needed.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the objectives of the present invention are (among others)to circumvent the deficiencies in the prior art and affect the followingobjectives:

-   -   (1) Provide for an electrical wiring system and method that        reduces voltage transients in an electrical appliance chassis        serviced by a TVSS device.    -   (2) Provide for an electrical wiring system and method that        reduces voltage transients in an electrical appliance chassis in        the event of a NEUTRAL/GROUND fault within the appliance.    -   (3) Provide for an electrical wiring system and method that is        compatible with existing NM electrical wiring standards.    -   (4) Provide for an electrical wiring system and method that        permits rapid circuit breaker activation in the event of TVSS        activation and/or a NEUTRAL/GROUND fault in an electrical        appliance.

While these objectives should not be understood to limit the teachingsof the present invention, in general these objectives are achieved inpart or in whole by the disclosed invention that is discussed in thefollowing sections. One skilled in the art will no doubt be able toselect aspects of the present invention as disclosed to affect anycombination of the objectives described above.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION System Overview

The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of currently availablecabling and wiring when used in conjunction with transient voltagesuppressors and provides for cabling designed such that a HOT wire isasymmetrically conductive (sized differently, etc.) with respect to theNEUTRAL and the GROUND wires. In one embodiment, the NEUTRAL and GROUNDwires are several wire sizes larger in diameter than the HOT wire. Thisminimizes the voltage differential between NEUTRAL and GROUND wiresduring TVSS faulting conditions. Additionally, this helps to minimizethe temporary voltage rise on the chassis of a grounded appliance thatcan occur during both TVSS operation or during an internal short orfault condition.

Method Overview

The present invention system may be utilized in the context of anoverall electrical wiring method, wherein the electrical wiring systemdescribed previously operates in conjunction with a method in which theelectrical wiring system described above having reduced NEUTRAL and/orGROUND wire resistivity is connected to one or more appliances having aTVSS device to reduce appliance chassis voltage spikes in the event ofTVSS activation and/or a NEUTRAL/GROUND fault within the appliance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the advantages provided by the invention,reference should be made to the following detailed description togetherwith the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a system block diagram of a preferred exemplarysystem embodiment of the present invention used in the context ofconventional commercial/residential wiring application;

FIG. 2 illustrates a method flowchart of a preferred exemplary methodembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of prior art NM electrical wiringcable;

FIG. 4 illustrates a side plan view of prior art NM electrical wiringcable;

FIG. 5 illustrates a side plan view of a presently preferred exemplaryembodiment of the present invention system;

FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of a presently preferred exemplaryembodiment of the present invention as applied to a hand-drillappliance;

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a presently preferred exemplaryembodiment of the present invention as applied to a surge protectorelectrical outlet strip;

FIG. 8 illustrates a system block diagram of a preferred exemplarysystem embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a preferred exemplary SDR-MOV transient suppressionelectrical wiring system embodiment;

FIG. 10 illustrates a preferred exemplary SDR-DMV transient suppressionelectrical wiring system embodiment;

FIG. 11 illustrates a preferred exemplary SDR-DMV distributed transientsuppression electrical wiring system embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates front and rear views of a preferred exemplarytransient suppression electrical wiring system embodiment construction;

FIG. 13 illustrates top and bottom views of a preferred exemplarytransient suppression electrical wiring system embodiment construction;

FIG. 14 illustrates right and left side views of a preferred exemplarytransient suppression electrical wiring system embodiment construction;

FIG. 15 illustrates a front top perspective view of a preferredexemplary transient suppression electrical wiring system embodimentconstruction;

FIG. 16 illustrates a rear bottom perspective view of a preferredexemplary transient suppression electrical wiring system embodimentconstruction;

FIG. 17 illustrates a front view of a prior art metal oxide varistor(MOV);

FIG. 18 illustrates a rear view of a prior art metal oxide varistor(MOV);

FIG. 19 illustrates top and bottom views of a prior art metal oxidevaristor (MOV);

FIG. 20 illustrates a side view of a prior art metal oxide varistor(MOV);

FIG. 21 illustrates a top front right perspective view of a prior artmetal oxide varistor (MOV);

FIG. 22 illustrates a bottom front left perspective view of a prior artmetal oxide varistor (MOV);

FIG. 23 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of aprior art metal oxide varistor (MOV);

FIG. 24 illustrates a top sectional view of a prior art metal oxidevaristor (MOV);

FIG. 25 illustrates a front view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 26 illustrates a rear view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 27 illustrates top and bottom views of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 28 illustrates a side view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 29 illustrates a top front right perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 30 illustrates a bottom front left perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 31 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of apresent invention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressionstructure;

FIG. 32 illustrates a top sectional view of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 33 illustrates a front view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure encapsulated within astud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 34 illustrates a rear view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure encapsulated within astud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 35 illustrates top and bottom views of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure encapsulatedwithin a stud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 36 illustrates a side view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure encapsulated within astud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 37 illustrates a top front right perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structureencapsulated within a stud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 38 illustrates a bottom front left perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structureencapsulated within a stud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 39 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of apresent invention integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressionstructure encapsulated within a stud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 40 illustrates a top sectional view of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure encapsulatedwithin a stud-mounted diode package;

FIG. 41 illustrates a front view of a present invention integratedDIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 42 illustrates a rear view of a present invention integratedDIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 43 illustrates top and bottom views of a present inventionintegrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 44 illustrates a side view of a present invention integratedDIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 45 illustrates a top front right perspective view of a presentinvention integrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressionstructure;

FIG. 46 illustrates a bottom front left perspective view of a presentinvention integrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressionstructure;

FIG. 47 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of apresent invention integrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surgesuppression structure;

FIG. 48 illustrates a top sectional view of a present inventionintegrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 49 illustrates a front view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 50 illustrates a rear view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 51 illustrates top and bottom views of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 52 illustrates a side view of a present invention integratedMOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 53 illustrates a top front right perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppressionstructure;

FIG. 54 illustrates a bottom front left perspective view of a presentinvention integrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppressionstructure;

FIG. 55 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of apresent invention integrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surgesuppression structure;

FIG. 56 illustrates a top sectional view of a present inventionintegrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 57 illustrates front and rear views of a present inventionintegrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 58 illustrates top and bottom views of a present inventionintegrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 59 illustrates right and left side views of a present inventionintegrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 60 illustrates top right front and bottom left front perspectiveviews of a present invention integrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surgesuppression structure;

FIG. 61 illustrates top right perspective internal isolation (with casehidden) and sectional views of a present invention integratedDMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 62 illustrates side sectional view of a present inventionintegrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure;

FIG. 63 illustrates a top front right perspective sectional view of apresent invention integrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppressionstructure; and

FIG. 64 illustrates a front sectional view of a present inventionintegrated DMV+RESISTOR transient surge suppression structure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many differentforms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described indetailed preferred embodiment of the invention with the understandingthat the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification ofthe principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broadaspect of the invention to the embodiment illustrated.

The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will bedescribed with particular reference to the presently preferredembodiment, wherein these innovative teachings are advantageouslyapplied to the particular problems of an ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM ANDMETHOD. However, it should be understood that this embodiment is onlyone example of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachingsherein. In general, statements made in the specification of the presentapplication do not necessarily limit any of the various claimedinventions. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventivefeatures but not to others.

Wiring Conductor Not Limitive

The present invention anticipates a wide variety of wire types may beused to implement the various aspects of the invention and makes nolimitation on the type of wiring conductor that may be used to implementthese functions.

Wire Sizing not Limitive

The present invention anticipates a wide variety of wire sizes may beused to implement the various aspects of the invention and makes nolimitation on the wire conductor sizes that may be used to implementthese functions. The specific wire sizes used herein are given forpurpose of example only and do not limit the scope of the claimedinvention. Wire sizes depicted herein are relative, and may be equallyapplied to #10 AWG, #12 AWG, and #14 AWG baseline cable wire sizes.

TVSS Not Limitive

The present invention anticipates that a wide variety of TransientVoltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS) technologies may be used to implementvarious embodiments of the present invention and makes no limitation onthe particular type of TVSS that may be used to construct variousinvention embodiments.

System Overview (0100)

The present invention may be best understood by inspection of the systemoverview depicted in FIG. 1 (0100) wherein a preferred exemplarycommercial/residential power distribution system embodiment is depicted.Here power is provided from a three-phase distribution powerinfrastructure (0101) to supply a step-down transformer (0102) connectedto a metering system (0103) at the service entrance of a building orother structure. Power from the metering system (0103) is supplied to abreaker panel (0104) comprising internal HOT bus bars (0105), aNEUTRAL/GROUND bus bar (0106), and circuit breakers (0107) connected toone or more of the HOT bus bars (0105).

Power flows from the circuit breakers (0107) (supplying power from theHOT wire leg of the transformer (0102)) and the NEUTRAL wire throughdistribution wiring (0108) to switches/outlets that represent the poweraccess point (0109) for electrical appliances (0110) to derive power. Inthis context the electrical appliances comprise an internal load (0111)and TVSS (0112) device to suppress load voltage transients. Appliancewiring (0118) comprising wires and/or connectors may be part of theelectrical appliance (0110) configuration and as such serves as themechanical/electrical interface to the power access point (0109).

Within this context the present invention teaches that reduction of thewiring resistance in the distribution wiring (0108) and/or appliancewiring (0118) can affect a reduction in chassis potential spikes due toelectrical faults within the electrical appliance (0110) caused byeither activation of the TVSS device (0112) and/or a load/ground faultresulting in either application of HOT supply voltage to the chassis ofthe electrical appliance (0110). Decreased wiring resistance in thiscontext can be achieved using a variety of methods, with one preferredmethod being increasing the wiring cross section of the NEUTRAL and/orGROUND wires in the distribution wiring (0108) and/or appliance wiring(0118).

Method Overview (0200)

The present invention method may be seen in an overview context asgenerally illustrated in the flowchart of FIG. 2 (0200), and can begenerally described as an electrical wiring method that comprises thefollowing method steps:

-   -   (1) Within an electrical wiring system comprising:        -   HOT wire having a source end and load end; NEUTRAL wire            having a source end and load end; and GROUND wire having a            source end and load end;        -   wherein the HOT wire is insulated; the NEUTRAL wire is            insulated; and the GROUND wire has a lower resistance than            the HOT wire . . . (0201);    -   (2) Electrically connect the HOT wire source end to a circuit        breaker in an electrical panel (0202);    -   (3) Electrically connect the NEUTRAL wire source end to a        NEUTRAL bus bar in electrical panel (0203);    -   (4) Electrically connect the GROUND wire source end to NEUTRAL        bus bar (0204);    -   (5) Electrically connect the HOT wire load end, NEUTRAL wire        load end, and GROUND wire load end to the corresponding HOT,        NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections in a power outlet supplying        electrical power to one or more appliances having a TVSS device        (0205).        One skilled in the art will recognize that these method steps        may be augmented or rearranged without limiting the teachings of        the present invention.

System Detailed Description

The present invention described below generally teaches a system andmethod for electrically connecting to an electrical appliance that isprotected by a TVSS circuits device via use of asymmetrically conductiveNEUTRAL and GROUND wiring.

Prior Art NM Wiring (0300, 0400)

FIG. 3 (0300) depicts a perspective view of currently available NM(nonmetallic) wiring cable. Nonmetallic-sheathed cable is one of themost widely used cables for branch circuits and feeders in residentialand commercial systems. Such cable is commonly and generally calledROMEX® by electrical construction personnel, as this is the trade nameunder which the cable is sold by General Cable Corporation. Type NMcable has an overall covering of fibrous or plastic material which isflame-retardant and moisture-resistant. Type NMC is similar, but theoverall covering is also fungus-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Theletter “C” indicates that it is corrosion-resistant.

This NM wiring cable is composed of a polymer jacket (0301) covering aninsulated HOT (0310) and NEUTRAL (0320) wire with an exposed GROUND wire(0330). Insulation (0311, 0321) covers the HOT (0310) and NEUTRAL (0320)wires respectively. The GROUND wire (0330) is generally not insulated asit is not normally designed to carry current in this configurationabsent an equipment fault condition.

FIG. 4 (0400) is a side plan view of a cross section of currentlyavailable NM cable as previously depicted in FIG. 3 (0300). The outerjacketing (0401) is a typically a polymer jacket, which has internallyconductors (0410, 0420, 0430). The HOT wire conductor (0410) is commonly#14 AWG (American Wire Gauge) corresponding to the diameter of the crosssection of the conductor. The HOT wire (0410) has about it a layer ofinsulation (0411), normally made of PVC thermoplastic. The NEUTRALconductor (0420) also has a diameter referred to in the trade as #14AWG. The NEUTRAL conductor (0420) has about it an insulatingthermoplastic layer (0421), similar to layer (0411) with respect to theHOT wire conductor (0410). The GROUND conductor (0430) also has adiameter referred to as #14 AWG. In the instance of commerciallyavailable cabling, the GROUND conductor (0430) is typically notindividually insulated by PVC thermoplastic. Conductors (0410, 0420,0430) are typically made of copper or a copper alloy.

Present Invention Preferred Exemplary Embodiment (0500)

FIG. 5 (0500) is a side plan view of a cross section of a preferredexemplary embodiment of the present invention implementing asymmetricalelectrical cable wire sizing. The outer jacketing (0501) is a polymerjacket that contains a number of wires. In this presently preferredexemplary embodiment of the present invention cable system, the cablecontains three insulated wires: a HOT wire (0510), a NEUTRAL wire(0520), and a GROUND wire (0530). In this embodiment the HOT wire (0510)has a nominal diameter of approximately 0.0641 inches, and is commonlyreferred to as #14 AWG. The HOT wire (0510) has about it a layer ofinsulation (0511). The NEUTRAL wire (0520) has a diameter of 0.102inches referred to in the trade as #10 AWG. The NEUTRAL wire (0520) hasabout it an insulating layer (0521). The GROUND wire (0530) has anominal diameter of 0.102 inches, and is referred to as #10 AWG. TheGROUND wire (0530) has about it a layer of insulation (0531).

In this presently preferred exemplary embodiment, the insulation aroundthe wires (0511, 0521, 0531) is made of PVC thermoplastic although othertypes of insulation are also envisioned. Likewise, the polymer jacket(0501) may be made up of other material. In the current embodiment, theHOT (0510), NEUTRAL (0520), and GROUND (0530) wires are made of copper.Other conductors, including but not limited to aluminum and copperalloys, are also envisioned.

Although FIG. 5 (0500) depicts a wiring cable containing one HOT wire,one skilled in the art will appreciate that that cable may contain anynumber of HOT wires to serve a variety of functions such as, forexample, wiring of a three-way light switch or distributing three-phasepower. Additionally, although FIG. 5 (0500) shows a cable where the HOT(0510), GROUND (0530), and NEUTRAL (0520) wires are situated linearlywith respect to each other, the wires may be situated in any order andneed not be oriented linearly.

Theory of Operation

To minimize the negative effects of voltage transients or surges, theresistance of the NEUTRAL path is reduced by, for example, increasingthe diameter of the NEUTRAL wire with respect to the HOT wire. With thereduced resistance, increased current will flow, resulting in a morerapid tripping of a TM breaker and reducing the chances for fire whenthe TVSS/MOV begins to fail.

Portable Equipment Electrical Cabling (0600)

While the above descriptions have concerned themselves with cabling thatonce installed is stationary, the same techniques could also be used forboth appliance line cord and extension cords. FIG. 6 (0600) illustratesa perspective view of an embodiment of the invention used in conjunctionwith a hand-drill appliance. The embodiment of the invention in thisfigure shows a hand-drill (0640) with an asymmetrical electrical cable(0601) supplying its power. Three conductors: a HOT wire (0610), aNEUTRAL wire (0620), and a GROUND wire (0630) are shown in a breakawayview. The cabling (0601) is also connected to a three-prong grounded ACplug (0650) to receive electrical power from a power outlet. In thisembodiment, both the NEUTRAL wire (0620) and the GROUND wire (0630) areat least four AWG sizes less than the HOT wire (0610). Such a hand drillmay be used to drill a hole in a wall. If the bit of the drill were toencounter a live wire hidden behind the wall, the larger GROUND wire(0630) would allow a greater fault current to flow from the energizedbit to GROUND, speeding the action of an overcurrent protection deviceand causing a lower voltage to be present on the chassis of the tool.Similarly, the rise in voltage as seen by the person holding the drillon the drill chassis (0640) as fault current flows will be lessened asthe lower GROUND resistance keeps the voltage on the chassis closer invalue to GROUND thus reducing the severity of electrical shock.

Surge Protector Application (0700)

This invention also has application with common surge protector strips.FIG. 7 (0700) is a perspective view of an embodiment of the inventionused in conjunction with a surge protector strip. The body of the surgeprotector (0740) contains one or more TVSS devices. The asymmetricalelectrical cabling (0701) in this embodiment contains three conductors,a HOT wire (0710), a NEUTRAL wire (0720), and a GROUND wire (0730) shownin breakaway view. In this embodiment, both the NEUTRAL wire (0720) andthe GROUND wire (0730) are at least four AWG sizes less than the HOTwire (0710). The cabling (0701) is also connected to a three-pronggrounded AC plug (0750) to receive electrical power from a power outlet.

Exemplary Building Wiring Application (0800)

FIG. 8 (0800) is a schematic diagram showing house wiring connecting toan appliance (0810) load (0811) containing a TVSS circuit (0812). Inthis configuration, power (0801) is supplied to a house (0803) from anexternal transformer (0802) and runs through a breaker box (0804) viapower bus bars (0805) and protected by a TM breaker (0807). Electricalcabling (0808) is run from the breaker box (0804) to a power outlet(0809) which supplies the power for an appliance (0810) having a load(0811) protected by a TVSS (0812). The NEUTRAL wire (0828) and theGROUND wire (0838) are electrically connected in the breaker box at theNEUTRAL bar (0806).

As an example of one mode of operation, if a load (0811) in an appliance(0810) (or other TVSS protected circuit) is 100 feet from the breakerpanel (0804) when there is a fault (whether from TVSS action or otherfault) causing 200 amperes of fault current to temporarily flow betweenthe HOT wire (0818) and the GROUND wire (0838), then the voltage drop asseen by the load (0811), according to Ohm's law, could be 50 volts for#14 AWG copper wire such as the currently available cabling illustratedin FIG. 3 (0300) and FIG. 4 (0400). However, by using the cabling of apreferred embodiment of the present invention as generally depicted inFIG. 5 (0500), the voltage drop, as seen by the load (0811), can bereduced to approximately 20 volts where the fault current is onlycarried by the GROUND wire (0838). In other cases, which are typical,the voltage drop is even smaller when the fault current is carried byboth the GROUND wire and the NEUTRAL wire.

Alternate System Embodiments

While the present system has been depicted in terms of a baseline #14AWG wiring conductor for the HOT wire, other embodiments of the presentinvention may utilize #12 or #10 wire for the HOT conductor, withsimilar upsizing of the NEUTRAL/GROUND conductors. Furthermore, whilemany preferred embodiments of the present invention utilizeNEUTRAL/GROUND conductors that are four AWG sizes larger than the HOTconductor, other preferred embodiments utilize NEUTRAL/GROUND conductorsthat are two AWG sizes larger than the HOT conductor. This wiring sizeselection will be highly application dependent.

Furthermore, while the present invention anticipates that circularconductors may be used in many embodiments, the present invention mayalso use oval or non-circular wire conductors, or conductors made ofmetals having different resistivity/conductivity.

SDR-MOV Transient Surge Suppression Cable (0900)

A preferred exemplary embodiment of a present invention transient surgesuppression electrical wiring system is generally depicted in FIG. 9(0900) wherein the electrical power receptacle (0901) mates with a cableplug (0902) (typically a NEMA-15 or equivalent plug/receptaclecombination). The cable plug (0902) is electrically coupled with a cable(0903) having characteristics as described herein having a HOT (0904),NEUTRAL (0905), and GROUND (0906) conductors. A series drop resistor(SDR) (0910) is configured in series with the HOT (0904) conductor tothe protected load device (PLD) (0940). A first metal oxide varistor(MOV) (0920) is electrically coupled between the SDR/PLD node and theNEUTRAL cable conductor (0905). A second metal oxide varistor (MOV)(0920) is electrically coupled between the SDR/PLD node and the GROUNDcable conductor (0906).

The SDR (0910) in this configuration permits overvoltage transients tobe primarily shunted through the MOVs (0920, 0930) through the higherconductivity NEUTRAL (0904) and GROUND (0905) conductors when atransient occurs and activates the MOV (0920, 0930) conduction paths.Under normal operating voltage circumstances the MOV (0920, 0930)devices are in a non-conducting state and have no impact on theoperation of the PLD (0940). Under a transient surge condition, thevoltage across the SDR (0910) will be significant due to the shuntingconduction of the MOV (0920, 0930) devices to the higher conductivityNEUTRAL (0904) and GROUND (0905) conductors. This shunting actionprotects the PLD (0940) by limiting the voltage presented to the HOTinput to the PLD (0940).

SDR-DMV Transient Surge Suppression Cable (1000)

An alternative preferred exemplary embodiment of a present inventiontransient surge suppression electrical wiring system is generallydepicted in FIG. 10 (1000) wherein the electrical power receptacle(1001) mates with a cable plug (1002) (typically a NEMA-15 or equivalentplug/receptacle combination). The cable plug (1002) is electricallycoupled with a cable (1003) having characteristics as described hereinhaving a HOT (1004), NEUTRAL (1005), and GROUND (1006) conductors. Aseries drop resistor (SDR) (1010) is configured in series with the HOT(1004) conductor to the protected load device (PLD) (1040). A firstdiode metal oxide varistor (DMV) (1020) is electrically coupled betweenthe SDR/PLD node and the NEUTRAL cable conductor (1005). A second diodemetal oxide varistor (DMV) (1020) is electrically coupled between theSDR/PLD node and the GROUND cable conductor (1006).

The SDR (1010) in this configuration permits overvoltage transients tobe primarily shunted through the DMVs (1020, 1030) through the higherconductivity NEUTRAL (1004) and GROUND (1005) conductors when atransient occurs and activates the DMV (1020, 1030) conduction paths.Under normal operating voltage circumstances the DMV (1020, 1030)devices are in a non-conducting state and have no impact on theoperation of the PLD (1040). Under a transient surge condition, thevoltage across the SDR (1010) will be significant due to the shuntingconduction of the DMV (1020, 1030) devices to the higher conductivityNEUTRAL (1004) and GROUND (1005) conductors. This shunting actionprotects the PLD (1040) by limiting the voltage presented to the HOTinput to the PLD (1040).

The DMV device structure (1050) depicted is not taught by the prior artand is used herein as shorthand notation for separating the forward andreverse conduction paths through separate MOVs as depicted usingrectifying diodes that isolate the positive current path through one MOVand the negative current path through a separate MOV. This currentsplitting has several benefits. First, the diodes permit positive andnegative current splitting between separate MOV devices thus limitingcurrent spikes through each individual MOV. This in some circumstancespermits disparate MOV sizing depending on application context.Furthermore, the diodes present some limited resistance and capacitancewhen the MOV is activated on a transient and thus serve to dampen theimpulse presented to the MOV. Finally, in situations where theovervoltage transient is limited to one or another of the polarities,the diode ensures that a complete collapse of the input power source isnot triggered by mere excursions of the positive or negative cycleindividually.

Additionally, it should be noted that MOVs are inherently non-lineardevices that are rarely if ever matched in performance. Thus,paralleling MOVs does not work to increase the transient suppressioncharacteristics of the paralleled devices. If two MOVS are both rated at100 volts and 60 joules each, paralleling them does NOT give 120 joulesheat capacity. One MOV will do 90 to 99% of the work unless the MOVs arean EXACT match—which is an exceedingly rare situation.

The present invention DMV arrangement allows the MOVs to be ‘paralleled’in terms of heat dissipation—one MOV does the positive cycle transientsuppression work, and one does the negative cycle transient suppressionwork. Ergo, if both MOVs are rated at 100 volts and 60 joules, each MOVhas effectively doubled heat dissipation. Moreover, heat capacity MOREthan doubles, in that each MOV is allowed to cool during the half cyclethat it is not conducting due to the diode rectification. A furtheradvantage is that the life of the MOVs is extended, since MOVs degradedfor the number of transient suppression activations they receive.

While many forms of diode/rectifier may be used in this DMV applicationcontext the present invention specifically anticipates the use ofsilicon rectifiers and/or Schottky rectifier diodes in this context.While single diodes are illustrated in the examples provided, someembodiments may utilize paralleled diode structures and in theseembodiments the diode structures may be constructed of differing forwardvoltage drops and/or species (e.g., silicon/Schottky hybrid diodestructures). Specific embodiments of a variety of anticipated DMV (1050)structures are detailed in FIG. 17 (1700)-FIG. 64 (6400).

SDR-DMV Distributed Surge Suppression Cable (1100)

An alternative preferred exemplary embodiment of a present inventiontransient surge suppression electrical wiring system is generallydepicted in FIG. 11 (1100) wherein the SDR (1111) forms a distributedelectrical connection to the DMV structures (1150). In thisconfiguration the SDR/MOV/DIODE structures are integrated into a unifiedstructure wherein the voltage drop across the SDR is fed into theMOV/DIODE structure for shunting to either the NEUTRAL (1105) or GROUND(1106) conductors. The series drop resistance provided by the SDR (1111)protects the PLD (1140) when the MOV structure is activated in thepresence of a transient surge event. More details of the physicalstructure of this SDR-DMV device are depicted in FIG. 57 (5700)-FIG. 64(6400).

Exemplary Construction (1200)-(1600)

While the present invention may be constructed in a variety of ways, apreferred construction technique is depicted in FIG. 12 (1200)-FIG. 16(1600). Here the SDR is embodied as a power resistor configured in anextruded aluminum housing with input lug connected to the HOT powerinput and output lug connected to the PLD. The output lead is alsoshunted to the NEUTRAL and GROUND cable wiring via the use of either aMOV device or a hybrid MOV-DIODE device. The depiction of thisintegrated surge suppression device is consistent with packaging ofvarious embodiments depicted in FIG. 17 (1700)-FIG. 56 (5600). In someembodiments the use of a shunting diode will require the connection ofthe MOV devices to corresponding discrete rectifier diodes. MultipleMOV+DIODE structures may be required if discrete DMV surge suppressiontechniques are employed as described in other system embodimentsdetailed below.

Prior Art MOV Construction (1700)-(2400)

Many preferred invention embodiments utilize metal oxide varistor (MOV)surge suppressors. These devices are well known in the art and asdepicted in FIG. 17 (1700)-FIG. 24 (2400). Generally speaking thesedevices are commonly configured in a two-terminal configuration asdepicted with a zinc oxide (ZnO) impregnated ceramic MOV material (2301,2401) sandwiched between a conducting top contact (2302, 2402) and basecontact (2303, 2403) and to which component leads (2304, 2305) arecontacted. The entire sandwich structure is generally encapsulated in aninsulating material that is not depicted in any of illustrated diagramsbut which may take a variety of well-known forms.

While the MOV structure may be used individually in many presentinvention embodiments as discrete components in conjunction withdiscrete rectifier diodes, many preferred invention embodiments teach avariety of novel integrated MOV+DIODE structures as discussed below.

MOV+DIODE Transient Surge Suppressor (2500)-(3200)

The present invention may incorporate an integrated MOV+DIODE transientsurge suppressor structure as generally depicted in FIG. 25 (2500)-FIG.32 (3200). In this two-terminal integrated transient surge suppressionstructure the MOV device is augmented with a semiconductor P-N diodecontacting one side of the MOV. Conventional lead connections to oneexposed surface of the MOV and one exposed surface of the P-Nsemiconductor diode provide two points of electrical connection to thedevice. As discussed elsewhere, the sandwich structure depicted willtypically be encapsulated in an insulating material that is not depictedin these drawings.

Referencing the cross section views of FIG. 31 (3100) and FIG. 32(3200), the integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressor structurecan be observed wherein the MOV element (3101, 3201) electricallyconnects to and is sandwiched between a top contact (3102, 3202) and alower contact (3103, 3203). The lower contact (3103, 3203) mates to asemiconductor P-N junction (3204, 3205) which electrically connects toand is sandwiched between a base contact (3206) and the lower contact(3103, 3203). The semiconductor P-N junction (3204, 3205) rectificationdirection may be reversed in some embodiments such that the depictedlower P-junction (3204) is an N-junction and the depicted lowerN-junction (3205) is a P-junction. Connection to the integratedMOV-DIODE device is via conventional component wire leads (3107, 3108).

Stud MOV+DIODE Transient Surge Suppressor (3300)-(3600)

The sandwich structure depicted in FIG. 25 (2500)-FIG. 32 (3200) mayalso be encapsulated in any number of conventional stud (orepoxy-packaged) rectifier packages as generally depicted in FIG. 33(3300)-FIG. 36 (3600). In this exemplary two-terminal integratedtransient surge suppression structure the stud package (FIG. 33 (3300)as depicted in a typical JEDEC DO-5 package) is augmented with a MOVdevice combined and a semiconductor P-N diode contacting one side of theMOV. Connections to one exposed surface of the MOV and one exposedsurface of the P-N semiconductor diode provide two points of electricalconnection to the device using the stud casing and stud input lead.

Referencing the cross section views of FIG. 34 (3400)-FIG. 36 (3600),the integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressor structure can beobserved wherein the MOV element (3401, 3501) electrically connects toand is sandwiched between a stud case contact (3402, 3502) and a lowercontact (3503). The lower contact (3503) mates to a semiconductor P-Njunction (3504, 3505) which electrically connects to and is sandwichedbetween an upper contact (3506) and the lower contact (3503). Thesemiconductor P-N junction (3504, 3505) rectification direction may bereversed in some embodiments such that the depicted lower P-junction(3504) is an N-junction and the depicted lower N-junction (3505) is aP-junction, thus permitting reverse polarity configurations of thedevice. The upper contact (3506) is electrically coupled via a bond wire(3507) to the lug terminal (3508) of the device or in some cases the lugterminal (3508) may be directly contacted to the upper contact (3506).Note that the vertical position of the MOV (3401, 3501) andsemiconductor P-N junction (3504, 3505) may be reversed in someembodiments with no loss of generality in the functionality of thedevice.

Dual Stud MOV+DIODE Surge Suppressor (3700)-(4000)

The stud structure depicted in FIG. 33 (3300)-FIG. 36 (3600) may in someembodiments be further integrated to support two MOV structures withinone stud (or epoxy-packaged) rectifier package as generally depicted inFIG. 37 (3700)-FIG. 40 (4000). In this exemplary two-terminal integratedtransient surge suppression structure the stud package (FIG. 37 (3700)as depicted in a typical JEDEC DO-5 package) is augmented with two MOVdevices combined with corresponding semiconductor P-N diodes contactingone side of the MOVs. Connections to one exposed surface of the MOVs andone exposed surface of the P-N semiconductor diodes provide two pointsof electrical connection to the device using the stud casing and studinput lead.

Referencing the cross section views of FIG. 37 (3700)-FIG. 40 (4000),the integrated MOV+DIODE transient surge suppressor structure can beobserved wherein two MOV elements (3801, 3901, 4001)(3802, 3902, 4002)electrically connect to and are sandwiched between a stud case contact(3803, 3903, 4003) and lower contacts (3904, 3905). The lower contacts(3904, 3905) mate to semiconductor P-N junction (3806, 3807) structureswhich electrically connect to and are sandwiched between an uppercontact (3708) (conformal with the lug terminal) and the lower contacts(3904, 3905). The semiconductor P-N junction (3906, 3907) structure isvertically oriented so that both a P-N and N-P junction in the structurepermit current to flow from the upper contact (3708) lug terminalthrough the separated two MOV elements (3801, 3901, 4001)(3802, 3902,4002). This permits alternate polarity cycles to flow through theseparated MOV elements (3801, 3901, 4001)(3802, 3902, 4002) during atransient event.

While the depicted P-N and N-P structures are annular in constructionand have depicted trench isolation between the P+ and N+ regions, otherapproaches to generating P-N junctions of opposite polarity and a commoninput node are anticipated in this embodiment.

DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE Surge Suppressor (4100)-(4800)

The present invention transient surge suppressor may be embodied in a3-terminal DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE device as generally depicted in FIG. 41(4100)-FIG. 48 (4800). Here a center contact (4801) is sandwichedbetween a lower MOV (4802) and an upper MOV (4803). The opposing sidesof the MOVs (4802, 4803) are mated to corresponding lower contact (4804)and upper contact (4805) conductors. The lower contact (4804) and uppercontact (4805) conductors mate to corresponding P-N (4806, 4807) and N-P(4808, 4809) semiconductor junctions that are bonded to these contacts.The remaining side of the P-N (4806, 4807) and N-P (4808, 4809)semiconductor junctions are mated to corresponding base contact (4810)and top contact (4811) conductors. The base contact (4810), centercontact (4801), and top contact (4811) conductors are electricallybonded to component leads (4612, 4613, 4614) as generally depicted inFIG. 46 (4600).

MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV Surge Suppressor (4900)-(5600)

The present invention transient surge suppressor may alternatively beembodied in a 3-terminal DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE device as generallydepicted in FIG. 49 (4900)-FIG. 56 (5600). Here a center contact (5601)is sandwiched between P-N (5602, 5603) and N-P (5604, 5605)semiconductor junctions. The opposing sides of the P-N (5602, 5603) andN-P (5604, 5605) semiconductor junctions are mated to correspondinglower contact (5606) and upper contact (5607) conductors. The lowercontact (5606) and upper contact (5607) conductors mate to correspondinglower MOV (5608) and upper MOV (5609) devices that are bonded to thesecontacts. The remaining side of the MOV (5608, 5609) devices is mated tocorresponding base contact (5610) and top contact (5611) conductors. Thebase contact (5610), center contact (5601), and top contact (5611)conductors are electrically bonded to component leads (5412, 5413, 5414)as generally depicted in FIG. 54 (5400).

One skilled in the art will recognize that hybrid configurations of thestructures depicted in FIG. 41 (4100)-FIG. 48 (4800) and FIG. 49(4900)-FIG. 56 (5600) are possible wherein the positioning of theP-N/N-P junctions and the MOV devices are permuted to produce a varietyof transient suppression structures.

DMV+SDR Transient Surge Suppressor (5700)-(6400)

Some preferred embodiments of the present invention form the SDR, MOV,and DIODE structures into an integrated structure. As depicted in FIG.57 (5700)-FIG. 64 (6400), the integrated DMV+SDR structure may befabricated within an extruded aluminum structure similar to that used byconventional power resistors. Within this structure the SDR structure(6101, 6201, 6301, 6401) is connected between the input and outputterminals (6001, 6002). This series SDR resistor structure as depictedin FIG. 61 (6101) is mated with longitudinal upper contacts (6412, 6422)that connect to MOV structures (6413, 6423). These MOV structures (6413,6423) mate with lower contacts (6414, 6424) to P-N junction (6415, 6416)and N-P junction (6425, 6426) that are contacted to the case (6407). Thedistributed nature of the SDR provides a large surface area for passingtransient surge currents to the semiconductor diode junctions and to thecase connection (typically tied to the NEUTRAL or GROUND connectionsdiscussed previously). This configuration provides for surge protectionof the PLD while simultaneously providing for necessary heat sinking forthe SDR and fire protection in the case of a failure of the MOV device.

As depicted in this exemplary embodiment the MOV structures andsemiconductor junctions are physically separated. Other embodimentsusing a similar structure may eliminate the physical gap and use asingle MOV structure with oppositely doped P-N and N-P junction areasabove the left (6413) and right (6423) MOV structures.

Preferred Embodiment System Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary system embodiment supportingHOT+GROUND surge protection anticipates a wide variety of variations inthe basic theme of construction, but can be generalized as an electricalwiring system comprising:

-   -   (a) HOT wire;    -   (b) NEUTRAL wire;    -   (c) GROUND wire;    -   (d) series drop resistor (SDR);    -   (e) first shunt diode (FSD);    -   (f) second shunt diode (SSD);    -   (g) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and    -   (h) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV);    -   wherein    -   the HOT wire is insulated;    -   the NEUTRAL wire is insulated;    -   the HOT wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the HOT wire source end, the NEUTRAL wire source end, and the        GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection        to a power source;    -   the SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal;    -   the SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to the HOT wire        load end;    -   the FSD and the FSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the FSD        oriented such that rectified current in the FSD flows away from        the SDR output terminal;    -   the SSD and the SSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the SSD        oriented such that rectified current in the SSD flows towards        the SDR output terminal; and    -   the SDR output terminal, the NEUTRAL wire, and the GROUND wire        are configured to service an electrical load device.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

Alternate Preferred Embodiment System Summary

A present invention alternate preferred exemplary system embodimentsupporting HOT+NEUTRAL surge protection anticipates a wide variety ofvariations in the basic theme of construction, but can be generalized asan electrical wiring system comprising:

-   -   (a) HOT wire;    -   (b) NEUTRAL wire;    -   (c) GROUND wire;    -   (d) series drop resistor (SDR);    -   (e) first shunt diode (FSD);    -   (f) second shunt diode (SSD);    -   (g) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and    -   (h) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV);    -   wherein    -   the HOT wire is insulated;    -   the NEUTRAL wire is insulated;    -   the HOT wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the HOT wire source end, the NEUTRAL wire source end, and the        GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection        to a power source;    -   the SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal;    -   the SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to the HOT wire        load end;    -   the FSD and the FSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the FSD        oriented such that rectified current in the FSD flows away from        the SDR output terminal;    -   the SSD and the SSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the SSD        oriented such that rectified current in the SSD flows towards        the SDR output terminal; and    -   the SDR output terminal, the NEUTRAL wire, and the GROUND wire        are configured to service an electrical load device.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

Alternate Preferred Embodiment System Summary

A present invention alternate preferred exemplary system embodimentsupporting HOT+GROUND+NEUTRAL surge protection anticipates a widevariety of variations in the basic theme of construction, but can begeneralized as an electrical wiring system comprising:

-   -   (a) HOT wire;    -   (b) NEUTRAL wire;    -   (c) GROUND wire;    -   (d) series drop resistor (SDR);    -   (e) first shunt diode (FSD);    -   (f) second shunt diode (SSD);    -   (g) third shunt diode (TSD);    -   (h) fourth shunt diode (RSD);    -   (i) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and    -   (j) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV);    -   (k) third shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (TSV); and    -   (l) fourth shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (RSV);    -   wherein    -   the HOT wire is insulated;    -   the NEUTRAL wire is insulated;    -   the HOT wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the HOT wire source end, the NEUTRAL wire source end, and the        GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection        to a power source;    -   the SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal;    -   the SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to the HOT wire        load end;    -   the FSD and the FSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the FSD        oriented such that rectified current in the FSD flows away from        the SDR output terminal;    -   the SSD and the SSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the SSD        oriented such that rectified current in the SSD flows towards        the SDR output terminal;    -   the TSD and the TSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the TSD        oriented such that rectified current in the TSD flows away from        the SDR output terminal;    -   the RSD and the RSV are electrically connected in series between        the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the RSD        oriented such that rectified current in the RSD flows towards        the SDR output terminal; and    -   the SDR output terminal, the NEUTRAL wire, and the GROUND wire        are configured to service an electrical load device.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

MOV+DIODE Surge Suppressor System Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary surge suppressor systemembodiment incorporating an integrated MOV+DIODE structure anticipates awide variety of variations in the basic theme of construction, but canbe generalized as an electrical wiring system comprising:

-   -   (a) metal oxide varistor (MOV);    -   (b) base metal contact (BMC);    -   (c) middle metal contact (MMC);    -   (d) top metal contact (TMC);    -   (e) semiconductor P-N diode (PND);    -   (f) first component lead (FCL); and    -   (g) second component lead (SCL);    -   wherein    -   the MOV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the BMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the MMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the PND comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface and a second surface with a semiconductor P-N junction        formed between the PND first surface and the PND second surface;    -   the TMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        first surface of the BMC;    -   the MOV first surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the BMC second surface;    -   the MOV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the MMC first surface;    -   the MMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the PND first surface;    -   the PND second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMC first surface;    -   the SCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        second surface of the TMC; and    -   the FCL contact, the SCL contact, the BMC, the MOV, the MMC, the        PND, and the TMC, are encapsulated in an insulating material.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE Surge Suppressor System Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary surge suppressor systemembodiment incorporating an integrated DIODE+MOV+MOV+DIODE structureanticipates a wide variety of variations in the basic theme ofconstruction, but can be generalized as an electrical wiring systemcomprising:

-   -   (a) bottom metal oxide varistor (BMV);    -   (b) top metal oxide varistor (TMV);    -   (c) base metal contact (BMC);    -   (d) lower metal contact (LMC);    -   (e) center metal contact (CMC);    -   (f) upper metal contact (UMC);    -   (g) top metal contact (TMC);    -   (h) first semiconductor P-N diode (FPN);    -   (i) second semiconductor P-N diode (SPN);    -   (j) first component lead (FCL);    -   (k) second component lead (SCL); and    -   (l) center component lead (CCL);    -   wherein    -   the BMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the BMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the CMC comprises a first surface, a second surface, and a        center surface;    -   the LMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FPN comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface and a second surface with a semiconductor P-N junction        formed between the FPN first surface and the FPN second surface;    -   the SPN comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface and a second surface with a semiconductor P-N junction        formed between the SPN first surface and the SPN second surface;    -   the UMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        first surface of the BMC;    -   the FPN first surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the BMC second surface;    -   the FPN second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the LMC first surface;    -   the LMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the BMV first surface;    -   the BMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the CMC first surface;    -   the CMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMV first surface;    -   the TMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the UMC first surface;    -   the UMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the SPN first surface;    -   the SPN second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMC first surface;    -   the SCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        second surface of the TMC;    -   the CCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        center surface of the CMC; and    -   the CCL contact, the FCL contact, the SCL contact, the BMC, the        BMV, the LMC, the FPN, the CMC, the SPN, the UMC, the TMV, and        the TMC, are encapsulated in an insulating material.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV Surge Suppressor System Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary surge suppressor systemembodiment incorporating an integrated MOV+DIODE+DIODE+MOV structureanticipates a wide variety of variations in the basic theme ofconstruction, but can be generalized as an electrical wiring systemcomprising:

-   -   (a) bottom metal oxide varistor (BMV);    -   (b) top metal oxide varistor (TMV);    -   (c) base metal contact (BMC);    -   (d) lower metal contact (LMC);    -   (e) center metal contact (CMC);    -   (f) upper metal contact (UMC);    -   (g) top metal contact (TMC);    -   (h) first semiconductor P-N diode (FPN);    -   (i) second semiconductor P-N diode (SPN);    -   (j) first component lead (FCL);    -   (k) second component lead (SCL); and    -   (l) center component lead (CCL);    -   wherein    -   the BMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the BMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the LMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FPN comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface and a second surface with a semiconductor P-N junction        formed between the FPN first surface and the FPN second surface;    -   the CMC comprises a first surface, a second surface, and a        center surface;    -   the SPN comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface and a second surface with a semiconductor P-N junction        formed between the SPN first surface and the SPN second surface;    -   the UMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        first surface of the BMC;    -   the BMV first surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the BMC second surface;    -   the BMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the LMC first surface;    -   the LMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the FPN first surface;    -   the FPN second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the CMC first surface;    -   the CMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the SPN first surface;    -   the SPN second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the UMC first surface;    -   the UMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMV first surface;    -   the TMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMC first surface;    -   the SCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        second surface of the TMC;    -   the CCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        center surface of the PND; and    -   the CCL contact, the FCL contact, the SCL contact, the BMC, the        BMV, the LMC, the FPN, the CMC, the SPN, the UMC, the TMV, and        the TMC, are encapsulated in an insulating material.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

MOV+PNIPN+MOV Surge Suppressor System Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary surge suppressor systemembodiment incorporating an integrated MOV+PNIPN+MOV structureanticipates a wide variety of variations in the basic theme ofconstruction, but can be generalized as an electrical wiring systemcomprising:

-   -   (a) bottom metal oxide varistor (BMV);    -   (b) top metal oxide varistor (TMV);    -   (c) base metal contact (BMC);    -   (d) lower metal contact (LMC);    -   (e) center metal contact (CMC);    -   (f) upper metal contact (UMC);    -   (g) top metal contact (TMC);    -   (h) P-N-I-P-N semiconductor diode (PND);    -   (i) first component lead (FCL);    -   (j) second component lead (SCL); and    -   (k) center component lead (CCL);    -   wherein    -   the BMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMV comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the BMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the LMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the PND comprises a doped semiconducting material having a first        surface, a second surface, and a center surface with a        semiconductor P-N-INTRINSIC-P-N layered junction formed between        the PND first surface and the PNL second surface and the center        surface electrically contacting the INTRINSIC region of the        semiconductor P-N-INTRINSIC-P-N layered junction;    -   the UMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the TMC comprises a first surface and a second surface;    -   the FCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        first surface of the BMC;    -   the BMV first surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the BMC second surface;    -   the BMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the LMC first surface;    -   the LMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the PND first surface;    -   the PND second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the UMC first surface;    -   the UMC second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMV first surface;    -   the TMV second surface is coincident with and electrically        contacted to the TMC first surface;    -   the SCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        second surface of the TMC;    -   the CCL is coincident with and electrically contacted to the        center surface of the PND; and    -   the CCL contact, the FCL contact, the SCL contact, the BMC, the        BMV, the LMC, the PND, the UMC, the TMV, and the TMC, are        encapsulated in an insulating material.

This general system summary may be augmented by the various elementsdescribed herein to produce a wide variety of invention embodimentsconsistent with this overall design description.

Preferred Embodiment Method Summary

The present invention preferred exemplary method embodiment anticipatesa wide variety of variations in the basic theme of implementation, butcan be generalized as an electrical wiring method wherein the methodutilizes an electrical wiring system comprising:

-   -   (a) HOT wire;    -   (b) NEUTRAL wire;    -   (c) GROUND wire;    -   (d) series drop resistor (SDR);    -   (e) first shunt diode (FSD);    -   (f) second shunt diode (SSD);    -   (g) third shunt diode (TSD);    -   (h) fourth shunt diode (RSD);    -   (i) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and    -   (j) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV);    -   (k) third shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (TSV); and    -   (l) fourth shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (RSV);    -   wherein    -   the HOT wire is insulated;    -   the NEUTRAL wire is insulated;    -   the HOT wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end;    -   the GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; and    -   the SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal;    -   with the method comprising the steps of:    -   (1) configuring the HOT wire source end, the NEUTRAL wire source        end, and the GROUND wire source end for electrical connection to        a power source;    -   (2) electrically coupling the SDR input terminal to the HOT wire        load end;    -   (3) electrically connecting the FSD and the FSV in series        between the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the FSD        oriented such that rectified current in the FSD flows away from        the SDR output terminal;    -   (4) electrically connecting the SSD and the SSV in series        between the SDR output terminal and the GROUND wire with the SSD        oriented such that rectified current in the SSD flows towards        the SDR output terminal;    -   (5) electrically connecting the TSD and the TSV in series        between the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the        TSD oriented such that rectified current in the TSD flows away        from the SDR output terminal;    -   (6) electrically connecting the RSD and the RSV in series        between the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL wire with the        RSD oriented such that rectified current in the RSD flows        towards the SDR output terminal; and    -   (7) configuring the SDR output terminal, the NEUTRAL wire, and        the GROUND wire to service an electrical load device.

One skilled in the art will recognize that these method steps may beaugmented or rearranged without limiting the teachings of the presentinvention.

System/Method Variations

It will be evident to those skilled in the art that there has beendescribed herein an improved method and apparatus for connecting to, andsupplying power for, a device or appliance that is protected by certainsurge suppression circuits. Although the invention hereof has beendescribed by way of preferred embodiments, it is evident that otheradaptations and modifications can be employed without departing from thespirit and scope thereof.

The present invention anticipates a wide variety of variations in thebasic theme of construction. The examples presented previously do notrepresent the entire scope of possible usages. They are meant to cite afew of the almost limitless possibilities. The basic system and methoddescribed above may be augmented with a variety of ancillaryembodiments, including but not limited to:

-   -   An embodiment wherein the GROUND wire has a larger        cross-sectional area than the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the GROUND wire has lower resistance than        the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the GROUND wire comprises a metal having a        lower resistivity than the material comprising the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire has a larger        cross-sectional area than the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than        the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having        a lower resistivity than the material comprising the HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire and the GROUND wire are        at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than the        HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper        wire, the GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and the HOT        wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper        wire, the GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and the HOT        wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire and the GROUND wire are        at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than the        HOT wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper        wire, the GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and the HOT        wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.    -   An embodiment wherein the HOT wire further comprises a plurality        of HOT wires.    -   An embodiment wherein the SDR output terminal is electrically        connected to a TVSS.    -   An embodiment wherein the NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically        connected to a TVSS.    -   An embodiment wherein the HOT wire source end is electrically        connected to a circuit breaker.    -   An embodiment wherein the HOT wire source end and the NEUTRAL        wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.    -   An embodiment wherein the SDR output terminal and the NEUTRAL        wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT        and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within        an appliance chassis and the GROUND wire load end is        electrically connected to the appliance chassis.    -   An embodiment wherein the HOT wire source end, the NEUTRAL wire        source end, and the GROUND wire source end are electrically        connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections        of an AC three-prong power plug and the SDR output terminal, the        NEUTRAL wire load end, and the GROUND wire load end are        electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND        connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.    -   An embodiment wherein the SDR comprises a resistor having a        resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.    -   An embodiment wherein the SDR comprises a resistor having a        resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.    -   An embodiment wherein the HOT wire, the NEUTRAL wire, and the        GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.    -   An embodiment wherein the GROUND wire is insulated.    -   An embodiment wherein the FSD and the FSV series        interconnection, and the SSD and the SSV interconnection are        formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating        a combined semiconductor P-N junction and MOV structure.    -   An embodiment wherein the FSD and the FSV series        interconnection, and the SSD and the SSV interconnection are        formed in integrated three-terminal device packages        incorporating a combined semiconductor P-N junction and MOV        structure.    -   An embodiment wherein the PND is oriented such that rectified        current flows in the PND from the PND first surface to the PND        second surface.    -   An embodiment wherein the PND is oriented such that rectified        current flows in the PND from the PND second surface to the PND        first surface.    -   An embodiment wherein the PND comprises a Schottky barrier        diode.    -   An embodiment wherein the PND comprises a DIAC (diode for        alternating current).    -   An embodiment wherein the PND comprises a SIDAC (silicon diode        for alternating current).    -   An embodiment wherein the MOV comprises zinc oxide (ZnO)        interspersed within a ceramic substrate.    -   An embodiment wherein the BMC, the MOV, the MMC, the PND, and        the TMC are cylindrically constructed and concentrically        positioned along a common radial axis.

One skilled in the art will recognize that other embodiments arepossible based on combinations of elements taught within the aboveinvention description.

Generalized Computer Usable Medium

In various alternate embodiments, the present invention may beimplemented as a computer program product for use with a computerizedcomputing system. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatprograms defining the functions defined by the present invention can bewritten in any appropriate programming language and delivered to acomputer in many forms, including but not limited to: (a) informationpermanently stored on non-writeable storage media (e.g., read-onlymemory devices such as ROMs or CD-ROM disks); (b) information alterablystored on writeable storage media (e.g., floppy disks and hard drives);and/or (c) information conveyed to a computer through communicationmedia, such as a local area network, a telephone network, or a publicnetwork such as the Internet. When carrying computer readableinstructions that implement the present invention methods, such computerreadable media represent alternate embodiments of the present invention.

As generally illustrated herein, the present invention systemembodiments can incorporate a variety of computer readable media thatcomprise computer usable medium having computer readable code meansembodied therein. One skilled in the art will recognize that thesoftware associated with the various processes described herein can beembodied in a wide variety of computer accessible media from which thesoftware is loaded and activated. Pursuant to In re Beauregard, 35USPQ2d 1383 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,578), the present invention anticipatesand includes this type of computer readable media within the scope ofthe invention. Pursuant to In re Nuijten, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007)(U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/211,928), the present inventionscope is limited to computer readable media wherein the media is bothtangible and non-transitory.

CONCLUSION

An electrical wiring system/method implementing transient voltagesuppression has been disclosed. The system/method incorporates HOT,NEUTRAL, GROUND wiring in conjunction with a series drop resistor (SDR)on the HOT conductor that supplies current to the load device. Parallelshunting metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are used in conjunction withcorresponding shunt diode rectifiers (SDRs) to suppress transients onthe HOT conductor to either the GROUND conductor and/or NEUTRALconductor. The parallel shunting MOV/SDR pairs may be integrated into asingular structure that is encapsulated in an insulating material topermit implementation of the transient protection wiring system/methodinto electrical loads and common power distribution equipment such aselectrical outlets and power strips.

CLAIMS INTERPRETATION

The following rules apply when interpreting the CLAIMS of the presentinvention:

-   -   The CLAIM PREAMBLE should be considered as limiting the scope of        the claimed invention.    -   “WHEREIN” clauses should be considered as limiting the scope of        the claimed invention.    -   “WHEREBY” clauses should be considered as limiting the scope of        the claimed invention.    -   “ADAPTED TO” clauses should be considered as limiting the scope        of the claimed invention.    -   “ADAPTED FOR” clauses should be considered as limiting the scope        of the claimed invention.    -   The term “MEANS” specifically invokes the means-plus-function        claims limitation recited in 35 U.S.C. §112(f) and such claim        shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure,        material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents        thereof.    -   The phrase “MEANS FOR” specifically invokes the        means-plus-function claims limitation recited in 35 U.S.C.        §112(f) and such claim shall be construed to cover the        corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the        specification and equivalents thereof.    -   The phrase “STEP FOR” specifically invokes the        step-plus-function claims limitation recited in 35 U.S.C.        §112(f) and such claim shall be construed to cover the        corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the        specification and equivalents thereof.    -   The phrase “AND/OR” in the context of an expression “X and/or Y”        should be interpreted to define the set of “(X and Y)” in union        with the set “(X or Y)” as interpreted by Ex Parte Gross (USPTO        Patent Trial and Appeal Board, Appeal 2011-004811, Ser. No.        11/565,411, (“‘and/or’ covers embodiments having element A        alone, B alone, or elements A and B taken together”).    -   The claims presented herein are to be interpreted in light of        the specification and drawings presented herein with        sufficiently narrow scope such as to not preempt any abstract        idea.    -   The claims presented herein are to be interpreted in light of        the specification and drawings presented herein with        sufficiently narrow scope such as to not preclude every        application of any idea.    -   The claims presented herein are to be interpreted in light of        the specification and drawings presented herein with        sufficiently narrow scope such as to preclude any basic mental        process that could be performed entirely in the human mind.    -   The claims presented herein are to be interpreted in light of        the specification and drawings presented herein with        sufficiently narrow scope such as to preclude any process that        could be performed entirely by human manual effort.

Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention has beenillustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoingDetailed Description, it will be understood that the invention is notlimited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerousrearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing fromthe spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection to a power source; said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; said SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to said HOT wire load end; said FSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; said SSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are configured to service an electrical load device.
 2. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 3. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 4. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 5. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 6. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 7. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 8. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 9. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 10. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 11. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 12. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 13. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 14. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 15. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 16. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 17. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 18. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 19. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 20. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 21. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 22. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 23. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 24. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 25. The electrical wiring system of claim 1 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 26. An electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection to a power source; said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; said SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to said HOT wire load end; said FSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; said SSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are configured to service an electrical load device.
 27. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 28. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 29. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 30. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 31. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 32. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 33. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 34. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 35. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 36. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 37. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 38. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 39. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 40. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 41. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 42. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 43. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 44. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 45. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 46. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 47. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 48. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 49. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 50. The electrical wiring system of claim 26 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 51. An electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); (g) third shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (TSV); and (h) fourth shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (RSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are configured for electrical connection to a power source; said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; said SDR input terminal is electrically coupled to said HOT wire load end; said FSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND; said SSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; said TSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; said RSV is electrically connected in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are configured to service an electrical load device.
 52. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 53. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 54. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 55. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 56. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 57. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 58. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 59. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 60. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 61. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 62. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 63. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 64. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 65. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 66. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 67. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 68. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 69. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 70. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 71. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 72. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 73. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 74. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said FSV series interconnection, said SSV series interconnection, said TSV series interconnection, and said RSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 75. The electrical wiring system of claim 51 wherein said FSV series interconnection, said SSV series interconnection, said TSV series interconnection, and said RSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 76. An electrical wiring method wherein said method utilizes an electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); and (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; and said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; with said method comprising the steps of: (1) configuring said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end for electrical connection to a power source; (2) electrically coupling said SDR input terminal to said HOT wire load end; (3) electrically connecting said FSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; (4) electrically connecting said SSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; and (5) configuring said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire to service an electrical load device.
 77. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 78. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 79. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 80. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 81. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 82. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 83. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 84. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 85. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 86. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 87. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 88. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 89. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 90. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 91. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 92. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 93. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 94. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 95. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 96. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 97. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 98. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 99. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 100. The electrical wiring method of claim 76 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 101. An electrical wiring method wherein said method utilizes an electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); (g) third shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (TSV); and (h) fourth shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (RSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; and said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; with said method comprising the steps of: (1) configuring said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end for electrical connection to a power source; (2) electrically coupling said SDR input terminal to said HOT wire load end; (3) electrically connecting said FSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; (4) electrically connecting said SSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; and (5) configuring said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire to service an electrical load device.
 102. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 103. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 104. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 105. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 106. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 107. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 108. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 109. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 110. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 111. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 112. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 113. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 114. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 115. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 116. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 117. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 118. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 119. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 120. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 121. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 122. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 123. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 124. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 125. The electrical wiring method of claim 101 wherein said FSV series interconnection and said SSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 126. An electrical wiring method wherein said method utilizes an electrical wiring system comprising: (a) HOT wire; (b) NEUTRAL wire; (c) GROUND wire; (d) series drop resistor (SDR); (e) first shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (FSV); (f) second shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (SSV); (g) third shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (TSV); and (h) fourth shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) (RSV); wherein said HOT wire is insulated; said NEUTRAL wire is insulated; said HOT wire comprises a source end and load end; said NEUTRAL wire comprises a source end and load end; said GROUND wire comprises a source end and load end; and said SDR comprises an input terminal and an output terminal; with said method comprising the steps of: (1) configuring said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end for electrical connection to a power source; (2) electrically coupling said SDR input terminal to said HOT wire load end; (3) electrically connecting said FSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; (4) electrically connecting said SSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said GROUND wire; (5) electrically connecting said TSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; (6) electrically connecting said RSV in series between said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire; and (7) configuring said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire to service an electrical load device.
 127. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said GROUND wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 128. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said GROUND wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 129. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said GROUND wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 130. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has a larger cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 131. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire has lower resistance than said HOT wire.
 132. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises a metal having a lower resistivity than the material comprising said HOT wire.
 133. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least two AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 134. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 135. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #12 AWG copper wire.
 136. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire and said GROUND wire are at least four AWG sizes larger in cross-sectional area than said HOT wire.
 137. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, said GROUND wire comprises #10 AWG copper wire, and said HOT wire comprises #14 AWG copper wire.
 138. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said HOT wire further comprises a plurality of HOT wires.
 139. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said SDR output terminal is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 140. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said NEUTRAL wire load end is electrically connected to a TVSS.
 141. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said HOT wire source end is electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 142. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said HOT wire source end and said NEUTRAL wire source end are electrically connected to a circuit breaker.
 143. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said SDR output terminal and said NEUTRAL wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT and NEUTRAL connections of an electrical load contained within an appliance chassis and said GROUND wire load end is electrically connected to said appliance chassis.
 144. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said HOT wire source end, said NEUTRAL wire source end, and said GROUND wire source end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of an AC three-prong power plug and said SDR output terminal, said NEUTRAL wire load end, and said GROUND wire load end are electrically connected to corresponding HOT, NEUTRAL, and GROUND connections of a surge protector power strip containing a TVSS.
 145. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance in the range of 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms.
 146. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said SDR comprises a resistor having a resistance of 0.1 ohms ±10%.
 147. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said HOT wire, said NEUTRAL wire, and said GROUND wire are surrounded by a polymer jacket.
 148. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said GROUND wire is insulated.
 149. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said FSV series interconnection, said SSV series interconnection, said TSV series interconnection, and said RSV series interconnection are formed in integrated two-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure.
 150. The electrical wiring method of claim 126 wherein said FSV series interconnection, said SSV series interconnection, said TSV series interconnection, and said RSV series interconnection are formed in integrated three-terminal device packages incorporating a MOV structure. 